Using the video from Episode 1 on Toni, break down the following parts of the framework of Pathophysiology:

• Etiology
• Risk factors
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical manifestations (Signs/Symptoms)
• Treatment/Management

Please correlate your responses to Toni’s case in the video “Just Breathe”

In this week’s episode, Toni had a patient in the Emergency Department “Mr. Jones” who

was presenting clinical manifestations and had an extensive medical history. Banasik (2018, p.

2) stated that etiology can be defined as, “the study of the causes or reasons for phenomena.”

Mr. Jones had predisposed etiological factors involved with his condition. Examples that were

stated were hypertension, anemic, smoking cigarettes for 15 years, bloody sputum for a year,

etc. Risk factors that were involved in Mr. Jones’s condition that are modifiable are smoking,

heroin use, and alcohol. Non-modifiable risk factors in relation to hypertension could potentially

be his age, ethnicity, and gender (Hilliard, n.d.). Clinical manifestations that Mr. Jones presented

were wheezing, dullness upper right lobe, hoarse voice, bloody sputum. Mr. Jones received an

x-ray that showed a 3.5 cm mass in the upper right lobe of the lung.

Post results of the x-ray Toni elaborated to Matinez the potential pathogenesis and

treatment of this mass. Toni stated that in his findings this could potentially be Chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung cancer. He will need to be referred to an

oncologist to test for a biopsy of the mass and determine whether it is benign or malignant. Toni

also stated that Mr. Jones’s complete blood count (CBC) was low and carcinogen was high. As

a result of this new knowledge of this mass, it might seem that the anemia can be a sign of a

malignant mass